Discover Liege

111 carefully curated photography spots with GPS coordinates, shooting tips, and local insights

Scenic Views of Hesbaye
96/100

Scenic Views of Hesbaye

Near Flémalle, Belgium

Rolling hills and countryside offer picturesque landscapes.

Scenic Views of Condroz
95/100

Scenic Views of Condroz

Near Flémalle, Belgium

More rolling hills and scenic countryside views.

Meuse River Landscape
95/100

Meuse River Landscape

Along the Meuse River, Flémalle, Liège, Belgium

A scenic riverbank with opportunities for capturing beautiful landscapes, especially during sunrise or sunset.

Flémalle Countryside
94/100

Flémalle Countryside

Near Flémalle, Belgium

Offering rolling hills and agricultural landscapes.

Valley of the Meuse River
92/100

Valley of the Meuse River

Near Flémalle, Belgium

A scenic area with views of the river and surrounding landscape.

Montagne de Bueren
90/100

Montagne de Bueren

Rue Pierreuse, 4000 Liège, Belgium

A steep staircase offering breathtaking panoramic views of Liège, ideal for capturing cityscapes and landscapes.

LANDSCAPEURBAN
Botrange
90/100

Botrange

Botrange, near Eupen

The highest point in Belgium, offering panoramic views ideal for landscape photography.

Botrange Nature Reserve
90/100

Botrange Nature Reserve

Botrange Nature Reserve, Waimes, 4950 Belgium

Known for being the highest point in Belgium, this reserve offers panoramic views and diverse natural landscapes. It's ideal for capturing dramatic skies and landscapes.

LANDSCAPENATURE
Liège Cityscape from Flémalle
90/100

Liège Cityscape from Flémalle

Near the Meuse River, Flémalle, Liège, Belgium

A viewpoint offering a panoramic view of Liège city from across the Meuse River, ideal for capturing urban landscapes.

Château d'Aigremont
90/100

Château d'Aigremont

Château d'Aigremont, Flémalle, Liège, Belgium

A beautiful castle with a blend of architectural styles, offering opportunities for capturing historic and architectural photography.

Grand Curtius Museum
89/100

Grand Curtius Museum

Quai de Maestricht 1, 4000 Liège, Belgium

While not directly in Flémalle, this museum in Liège showcases Mosane style architecture.

Liège Cityscapes
88/100

Liège Cityscapes

Liège, Belgium

Explore the vibrant city of Liège for diverse photography opportunities.

High Fens Nature Reserve
85/100

High Fens Nature Reserve

High Fens, Eupen

A vast area of raised bog and heathland, perfect for nature and landscape photography.

Schmerling Caves
85/100

Schmerling Caves

Near Flémalle, Liège, Belgium

A set of caves known for their prehistoric remains and natural beauty, offering dramatic rock formations and unique lighting conditions.

Trixhes Modernist Architecture
85/100

Trixhes Modernist Architecture

Flémalle, Liège, Belgium

A showcase of modernist architectural style, providing opportunities for unique and contemporary photography.

Liège-Guillemins Railway Station
85/100

Liège-Guillemins Railway Station

Place des Guillemins, 4000 Liège, Belgium

A modern and architecturally striking train station, providing unique opportunities for architectural and urban photography.

ARCHITECTUREURBAN
Flémalle-Neuve Footbridge
85/100

Flémalle-Neuve Footbridge

Flémalle-Neuve, Liège, Belgium

A modern footbridge over the Meuse River, providing opportunities for structural and landscape photography.

Liège City Skyline
85/100

Liège City Skyline

Liège, 4000, Belgium

The city skyline offers urban photography opportunities, especially during sunset.

URBANSUNSET_SUNRISE
Naturpark Hohes Venn Eifel
85/100

Naturpark Hohes Venn Eifel

Bullange, Liege, Belgium

This park offers a diverse range of landscapes and ecosystems, including forests, heathlands, and wetlands. It's a paradise for nature and landscape photography.

LANDSCAPENATURE
Le Site Des Grottes Schmerling
85/100

Le Site Des Grottes Schmerling

Flémalle, Belgium

Fascinating caves with prehistoric discoveries.

Spa Francorchamps Circuit
85/100

Spa Francorchamps Circuit

Route du Circuit, 4970 Francorchamps, Belgium

Although not in Malmedy, this famous racing circuit is nearby and offers excellent opportunities for sports and action photography. Capturing the thrill of racing and the scenic views around the track is a treat for any photographer.

ATTRACTIONSSTREET
Forest of the High Fens
85/100

Forest of the High Fens

Forest of the High Fens, Eupen

A vast and unique forest area, ideal for nature and landscape photography.

Chemin de Fer du Blegny-Mine
84/100

Chemin de Fer du Blegny-Mine

Near Flémalle, Belgium

A train track and surrounding landscape offering industrial and natural photography opportunities.

Chokier District
83/100

Chokier District

Flémalle, Belgium

Known for its well-preserved architectural heritage.

Eglise Saint-Lambert de Flémalle
82/100

Eglise Saint-Lambert de Flémalle

Flémalle, Belgium

A historic church with distinctive architecture.

Railway Station on Line 125A
81/100

Railway Station on Line 125A

Flémalle-Neuve, Belgium

A modern station offering interesting architectural and transportation photography opportunities.

Eupen Lake and Dam
80/100

Eupen Lake and Dam

Eupen Lake, Eupen

A tranquil spot with a large dam and surrounding forested hills, ideal for landscape and architectural photography.

Kasteel Neercanne
80/100

Kasteel Neercanne

Kasteel Neercanne, Neercannerweg 800, 6367 NH Maastricht, Netherlands

One of the oldest vineyards in the Netherlands, located in a beautiful estate with Baroque architecture.

ARCHITECTURELANDSCAPE
Lac d'Eupen
80/100

Lac d'Eupen

Lac d'Eupen, Eupen

A reservoir with a stunning dam, great for landscape and architectural photography.

Railway Bridge over the Meuse
80/100

Railway Bridge over the Meuse

Flémalle, Liège, Belgium

An iconic bridge with interesting engineering and architecture, offering opportunities for capturing structural and industrial photography.

Reinhardstein Castle
80/100

Reinhardstein Castle

Reinhardstein Castle, Ovifat

A medieval castle located near Eupen, suitable for architecture and landscape photography.

Bois de l'Abbaye
80/100

Bois de l'Abbaye

Bois de l'Abbaye, Flémalle, Liège, Belgium

A forested area near Flémalle with opportunities for wildlife and nature photography.

Liège-Guillemins Station
80/100

Liège-Guillemins Station

Place des Guillemins 15, 4000 Liège, Belgium

A sleek and modern train station known for its unique architecture, offering opportunities for urban and architectural photography.

ARCHITECTUREURBAN
Place Saint-Lambert
80/100

Place Saint-Lambert

Place Saint-Lambert, 4000 Liège, Belgium

A historic square with significant cultural and architectural value, ideal for capturing heritage and urban life.

ARCHITECTUREHISTORICAL
Cathédrale Saint-Paul de Liège
80/100

Cathédrale Saint-Paul de Liège

4000 Liège, Liege, Belgium

A historic cathedral with intricate Gothic details and stunning stained glass windows, offering ample opportunities for architectural and historical photography.

ARCHITECTUREHISTORICAL
Bütgenbach Lake
80/100

Bütgenbach Lake

Bütgenbach, 4750 Belgium

A picturesque lake surrounded by lush forests, offering serene views and opportunities for nature and landscape photography.

WATERSCAPELANDSCAPE
Château de Dalhem
80/100

Château de Dalhem

Dalhem, 4607 Liège, Belgium

A majestic castle located in the middle of a 5-hectare park, lined with old trees. It was built in 1914 in the Mosan Renaissance style and offers a mix of natural and architectural photography opportunities.

ARCHITECTURENATURE
Meuse River Views
80/100

Meuse River Views

Visé, Liège, Belgium 4600

The Meuse River offers scenic views and photography opportunities for waterscapes and nature.

WATERSCAPENATURE
Fort de Flémalle
80/100

Fort de Flémalle

Flémalle, Liège, Belgium

A historic fortification with military significance, offering a mix of architectural and historical photography opportunities.

Palais des Princes-Evêques
80/100

Palais des Princes-Evêques

Place Saint-Lambert, 4000 Liège, Belgium

A historic palace with impressive architecture, perfect for capturing heritage and cultural photography.

ARCHITECTUREHISTORICAL
Athénée Provincial Guy Lang
80/100

Athénée Provincial Guy Lang

Flémalle, Belgium

A school with interesting architecture and public spaces.

Municipal Park of Flémalle
79/100

Municipal Park of Flémalle

Near Athénée Provincial Guy Lang, Flémalle, Belgium

A green space with trees and walking paths, ideal for nature photos.

Flémalle Shopping District
78/100

Flémalle Shopping District

Flémalle-Grande, Belgium

A bustling area with shops and cafes.

Prehistomuseum
78/100

Prehistomuseum

Rue de l'Église 23, 4400 Flémalle, Belgium

A museum showcasing prehistoric artifacts in a modern setting.

S. Donnay Square
77/100

S. Donnay Square

Flémalle-Grande, Belgium

A vibrant public space with shops and cafes.

Coteaux de la Citadelle
76/100

Coteaux de la Citadelle

Chemin de la Citadelle, 4000 Liège, Belgium

A scenic area offering panoramic views of the city and historical ruins, ideal for landscape and historical photography.

LANDSCAPEHISTORICAL
Eglise Saint-Gilles de Flémalle-Haute
76/100

Eglise Saint-Gilles de Flémalle-Haute

Flémalle-Haute, Belgium

Another religious landmark with interesting designs.

Chaudfontaine Castle
75/100

Chaudfontaine Castle

Château de Chaudfontaine, 4050 Chaudfontaine, Belgium

A picturesque castle surrounded by nature, ideal for landscape and historical photography.

LANDSCAPEHISTORICAL
Herve Region Countryside
75/100

Herve Region Countryside

Herve, 4650 Liège, Belgium

Rolling hills and picturesque countryside, ideal for landscape and nature photography.

LANDSCAPENATURE
Tubemeuse Polyclinic
75/100

Tubemeuse Polyclinic

Flémalle, Liège, Belgium

A contemporary building with interesting modern architecture, offering opportunities for urban and architectural photography.

Bayehon Waterfall
75/100

Bayehon Waterfall

Bayehon Waterfall, Longfaye

A picturesque waterfall surrounded by lush greenery, ideal for nature and landscape photography.

Nature Centre of Botrange
75/100

Nature Centre of Botrange

Nature Centre of Botrange, Route de la Baraque Michel, 4950 Botrange, Belgium

Located nearby, this nature center offers opportunities for landscape and wildlife photography. It features diverse flora and fauna, making it a great spot for nature enthusiasts.

LANDSCAPENATURE
Malmedy
75/100

Malmedy

Malmedy, near Eupen

A charming town with a mix of history and architecture, suitable for street and architecture photography.

Robertville Lake
75/100

Robertville Lake

Robertville Lake (Lac de Robertville), 4950 Waimes, Liège, Belgium

A tranquil lake surrounded by forests, offering serene natural scenes perfect for landscape and nature photography.

WATERSCAPENATURE
Malmedy Town Center
75/100

Malmedy Town Center

Malmedy, Liège, Belgium (4960)

Known for its charming architecture and historic buildings, Malmedy offers a blend of cultural and architectural photography opportunities. The cobblestone streets add a picturesque touch.

ARCHITECTURESTREET
Musée Curtius
75/100

Musée Curtius

Musée Curtius, Quai de Maastricht 16, 4000 Liège, Belgium

A museum with a blend of Romanesque and Gothic styles, offering a unique blend of historical and architectural photography opportunities.

ARCHITECTUREHISTORICAL
Marché de la Batte
75/100

Marché de la Batte

Quai de la Batte, 4000 Liège, Belgium

A bustling market with colorful stalls and lively street life, providing excellent opportunities for candid street photography and capturing local culture.

STREETATTRACTIONS
Flémalle Shopping Center
72/100

Flémalle Shopping Center

Flémalle-Grande, Belgium

A modern shopping area with interesting architectural features.

Le Grand Curtius Museum
72/100

Le Grand Curtius Museum

Quai de Maastricht 16, 4000 Liège, Belgium

A museum that offers a blend of historical architecture and cultural exhibits, providing opportunities for both architectural and street photography.

HISTORICALARCHITECTURE
Rocher de Falize
70/100

Rocher de Falize

Rocher de Falize, 4960 Malmedy, Belgium

A scenic hiking trail with great views of the surrounding landscape. Ideal for landscape and nature photography.

LANDSCAPENATURE
Tros Marets
70/100

Tros Marets

Route Des Trôs Marèts, 4960 Malmedy, Belgium

A scenic spot in Malmedy with unique rock formations and rural landscapes. It offers opportunities for capturing dramatic natural scenes and interesting geological features.

LANDSCAPENATURE
Heckenweg Wirtzfeld Nature Trail
70/100

Heckenweg Wirtzfeld Nature Trail

Heckenweg Wirtzfeld Nature Trail, Wirtzfeld, 4760 Bullange (Büllingen), Belgium

This nature trail, part of the Naturpark Hohes Venn Eifel, offers a serene natural setting with dense forests and diverse wildlife. It's perfect for nature photography and hiking.

NATUREWILDLIFE
Vesder Dam
70/100

Vesder Dam

Vesder Dam, Eupen

A significant concrete dam with a large reservoir, offering great views and opportunities for landscape photography.

La Boverie
70/100

La Boverie

Avenue Maurice Destenay, 4000 Liège, Belgium

A museum located in a stunning park, offering a mix of architectural, landscape, and nature photography opportunities.

NATURELANDSCAPE
River Amblève near Spa-Francorchamps
70/100

River Amblève near Spa-Francorchamps

River Amblève along the Amblève riverbank near Spa-Francorchamps, Liège Province, Belgium

A scenic river location offering opportunities for landscape and nature photography, particularly around the famous Formula One circuit.

LANDSCAPENATURE
Palace of the Prince-Bishops
70/100

Palace of the Prince-Bishops

Place Saint-Lambert, 4000 Liège, Belgium

A historic palace with significant architectural and historical value, offering opportunities for capturing its grand facade and interior details.

ARCHITECTUREHISTORICAL
High Fens Moors
70/100

High Fens Moors

High Fens Moors, Eupen

A unique area with thick moss pillows, great for nature and macro photography.

Visé
70/100

Visé

Visé, 4600 Liège, Belgium

A charming town along the Meuse River, offering opportunities for waterscape and urban photography.

WATERSCAPEURBAN
Parc Boverie
70/100

Parc Boverie

Parc de la Boverie, Avenue Raymond Poincaré, 4000 Liège, Belgium

A charming riverside park in Liege, ideal for capturing scenic river views and vibrant street life. Its picturesque setting makes it perfect for nature and urban photography.

NATUREURBAN
Lake Eupen
70/100

Lake Eupen

Eupen, 4700 Belgium

Located nearby, this lake offers serene water views and a habitat for various wildlife. It's ideal for capturing peaceful natural scenes and wildlife photography.

WATERSCAPENATURE
Lac de Robertville
70/100

Lac de Robertville

Lac de Robertville, 4950 Waimes, Belgium

A scenic lake nearby Malmedy, offering beautiful landscapes and reflections, especially during sunrise and sunset.

LANDSCAPEWATERSCAPE
Trixhes
70/100

Trixhes

Flémalle, Belgium

A district showcasing modernist architecture.

Château de Berneau
65/100

Château de Berneau

Dalhem, Liege, Belgium

A picturesque castle in the area, offering a blend of architecture and natural scenery.

ARCHITECTURENATURE
Flémalle-Centre Municipal Park
65/100

Flémalle-Centre Municipal Park

Flémalle-Centre, Liège, Belgium

A charming park in the heart of Flémalle, offering greenery, walking paths, and community events for photography.

Eupen City Center
65/100

Eupen City Center

City Center, Eupen

A charming city center with a mix of old half-timbered houses and narrow streets, ideal for street and architecture photography.

Lac de la Gilippe
65/100

Lac de la Gilippe

Lac de la Gilippe, near Eupen

A serene lake surrounded by forest, offering opportunities for landscape and nature photography.

Avalanche Trail
65/100

Avalanche Trail

Bullange, 4760 Liege, Belgium

A challenging hiking trail known for its rocky terrain and scenic vistas. It's perfect for capturing dynamic landscapes and textures of the natural environment.

LANDSCAPENATURE
Baclain Trail
65/100

Baclain Trail

Bullange, Liege, Belgium

A scenic hiking trail offering picturesque views of the surrounding landscape, ideal for capturing natural textures and terrains.

LANDSCAPENATURE
Sart Tilman Domain
65/100

Sart Tilman Domain

Sart Tilman Domain, near Liège

A scenic area with historical significance, suitable for architecture and landscape photography.

Domaine Provincial de Wegimont
65/100

Domaine Provincial de Wegimont

Domaine Provincial de Wegimont, Wegimont, Soumagne, Belgium

This picturesque park offers beautiful gardens and a serene lake, providing excellent opportunities for nature and landscape photography. The lush greenery and tranquil atmosphere make it ideal for capturing peaceful moments and scenic vistas.

NATURELANDSCAPE
La Hoëgne
62/100

La Hoëgne

Rue de la Hoëgne, Spa, Belgium

A scenic spot offering views of the river and surrounding nature, ideal for landscape and nature photography.

LANDSCAPENATURE
Aquarium-Museum
60/100

Aquarium-Museum

Quai Édouard Van Beneden 19, 4020 Liège, Belgium

A unique location that combines aquariums with museum exhibits, offering opportunities for both indoor and family-friendly photography.

ATTRACTIONSNATURE
Bikepark Ferme Libert
60/100

Bikepark Ferme Libert

Bikepark Ferme Libert, Chemin de Ferme Libert, 4960 Malmedy, Belgium

A sports complex offering action-packed photography opportunities. Perfect for capturing sports and action shots.

STREETATTRACTIONS
Waimes Village
60/100

Waimes Village

Waimes, Liege, Belgium

A charming village with historic buildings and scenic views, offering opportunities for capturing quaint village life and architecture.

STREETARCHITECTURE
Cathédrale Saint-Pierre de Malmedy
60/100

Cathédrale Saint-Pierre de Malmedy

Cathédrale Saint-Pierre, Rue de la Cathédrale, 4960 Malmedy, Belgium

A beautiful church that offers architectural photography opportunities. Its unique design and historical significance make it a compelling subject.

ARCHITECTUREHISTORICAL
Getzbach Valley
60/100

Getzbach Valley

Getzbach Valley, near Eupen

A scenic valley with opportunities for nature and landscape photography.

Aquatropic
60/100

Aquatropic

Route de l'Aquatropic 5, 4630 Soumagne, Belgium

An aquatic center with modern architecture, providing a unique setting for photography. Its sleek design and interactive environment make it suitable for indoor and architectural photography.

ARCHITECTUREURBAN
Ruines Château-Fort Dalhem
60/100

Ruines Château-Fort Dalhem

Dalhem, Liege, Belgium

The remains of a medieval castle built in 1080, offering a historical and architectural photography opportunity.

HISTORICALARCHITECTURE
Büllingen WWII Memorial
60/100

Büllingen WWII Memorial

Büllingen WWII Memorial, 4760 Bullange, Belgium

This memorial offers a poignant historical context, ideal for capturing the somber mood of historical sites. It's a great spot for those interested in war history and monuments.

HISTORICAL
Forest Trail
60/100

Forest Trail

Forest Trail, near Vesder Dam

A scenic trail offering opportunities for nature and landscape photography, with potential for capturing wildlife.

La Venne Railway Viaduct
60/100

La Venne Railway Viaduct

La Venne Railway Viaduct, Liège, Belgium

An impressive railway viaduct surrounded by nature, suitable for landscape and industrial photography.

LANDSCAPEWATERSCAPE
Château de Micheroux
55/100

Château de Micheroux

Château de Micheroux, Rue du Château de Micheroux, 4630 Soumagne, Belgium

While not directly available in the search results, this hypothetical location could be a historical or architectural spot, offering opportunities for photography of its facade and surroundings. However, it is crucial to verify its existence and accessibility.

ARCHITECTUREHISTORICAL
Bullange Village Center
55/100

Bullange Village Center

Bullange Village Center, 4760 Bullange, Belgium

The village center offers charming architecture with rustic buildings and cobblestone streets, providing a quaint backdrop for photography. The picturesque setting makes it ideal for capturing street life and local architecture.

STREETARCHITECTURE
Wichet de la Rose
55/100

Wichet de la Rose

Dalhem, 4607 Liège, Belgium (historic gate building annex mansion house)

A historic gate building annex mansion house located in the old section of Dalhem, suitable for architectural and street photography.

STREETARCHITECTURE
Malmedy Massacre Memorial
55/100

Malmedy Massacre Memorial

Malmedy Massacre Memorial, Malmedy, 4960, Belgium

A historical site commemorating the massacre of 48 US Army prisoners. It serves as a poignant location for capturing historical and memorial photography.

HISTORICALARCHITECTURE
Paintball Sniper Zone
55/100

Paintball Sniper Zone

Paintball Sniper Zone, Route de Basse, 4960 Malmedy, Belgium

An entertainment center that offers opportunities for capturing action-packed moments. Ideal for candid and event photography.

ATTRACTIONSSTREET
Extinct Railway Line
55/100

Extinct Railway Line

Abandoned railway line along former tracks, near Meuse valley, Belgium (no precise street address)

An abandoned railway line offering a mix of industrial and natural landscapes, suitable for creative and abstract photography.

LANDSCAPENATURE
Ternell
55/100

Ternell

Ternell, near Eupen

A scenic spot near Eupen, offering opportunities for nature and landscape photography.

Royale Alliance Melen-micheroux
50/100

Royale Alliance Melen-micheroux

Place du Centre, 4630 Soumagne, Belgium

A historic location with architectural significance, offering opportunities to photograph its façades and surroundings. Ideal for those interested in capturing local heritage and community life.

ARCHITECTUREHISTORICAL
Brasserie de Bellevaux
50/100

Brasserie de Bellevaux

Brasserie de Bellevaux, Route de Waimes, 4960 Malmedy, Belgium

A local brewery that offers a mix of industrial and lifestyle photography opportunities. Its rustic environment and lively atmosphere make it perfect for capturing candid moments.

ARCHITECTURESTREET
Fort d'Aubin-Neufchâteau
50/100

Fort d'Aubin-Neufchâteau

Fort d'Aubin-Neufchâteau, Neufchâteau, Huy, Liège, Belgium

A historic fort offering photography opportunities for military history and architecture.

HISTORICALARCHITECTURE
Emboug
50/100

Emboug

Chaudfontaine, Liege, Belgium

This village offers a serene natural environment, perfect for capturing peaceful landscapes and village life.

LANDSCAPENATURE
Eglise Saint Lambert
50/100

Eglise Saint Lambert

Dalhem, Liège, Belgium

A beautiful church ideal for architectural and historical photography.

HISTORICALARCHITECTURE
Les Hautes Fagnes
50/100

Les Hautes Fagnes

Parc national des Hautes-Fagnes-Eifel, Les Hautes Fagnes, Belgium

A unique natural area with peat bogs, offering opportunities for nature and landscape photography. It's ideal for capturing moorland scenery and unique flora.

NATURELANDSCAPE
Climbing Wall
50/100

Climbing Wall

Climbing Wall, near Eupen

The highest climbing wall in the Euregion, ideal for sports and action photography.

Eupen City Market
50/100

Eupen City Market

City Market, Eupen

A bustling market offering opportunities for street and portrait photography.

Eglise Des Capucins
50/100

Eglise Des Capucins

Église des Capucins, Rue Dieudonné, 4960 Malmedy, Belgium

A historical church offering architectural and historical photography opportunities. Its unique design and serene surroundings make it a fascinating subject.

ARCHITECTUREHISTORICAL
Malmundarium
45/100

Malmundarium

Rue de la Gare, 4960 Malmedy, Belgium

A museum showcasing the history and culture of Malmedy. It offers opportunities for capturing exhibits, historical artifacts, and cultural events.

HISTORICALARCHITECTURE
Le Plongeur
45/100

Le Plongeur

Le Plongeur (monument) – exact address not found; location approximated near 50.623333, 5.590111, Belgium

A unique monument or landmark, potentially offering interesting photography opportunities, though specific details are not available in the search results.

ATTRACTIONSURBAN
Noir Flohay
40/100

Noir Flohay

Noir Flohay, Eupen

A scenic spot with potential for nature and landscape photography, possibly offering unique views of the surrounding area.

Musée de la vie populaire de Soumagne
40/100

Musée de la vie populaire de Soumagne

Musée de la vie populaire de Soumagne, Rue de la Résistance 46, 4630 Soumagne, Belgium

This museum showcases local history and culture, offering insights into the traditional life of Soumagne. Photographers can capture its rustic architecture and surrounding environment, providing a glimpse into regional heritage.

ARCHITECTUREHISTORICAL